Discuss How and Why Particular Research Methods Are Used...

Learning outcome: Discuss how and why particular research method are used at the biological level of analysis. The biological level of analysis in psychology refers to the study of how human behaviour, thoughts and emotions can be affected and affect the biological factors/ physiology of human body. Laboratory experiments, case studies and correlation studies are the three main research methods applied in supporting the principles of the biological of analysis in psychology. First, laboratory experiments. Laboratory experiments are research methods that help to establish cause-effect relationship between two variables. They are applied for developing the casual relationship of manipulated variables which help to increase psychological†¦show more content†¦This research shows that case study has high validity as it is appropriate to apply study results to intended population with high ecological validity. However, it has low reliability as it can be retested resulting low test-retest reliability. Different researcher might also have different observations under controlled environment on the participants behaviour resulting low inter-rater reliability. Third, correlation study. Correlation study is the record of the scores on two or more measures for establishing a relationship between them. The process of correlation study does not necessary involves in manipulating independent variables which might damage the participant. Correlation study is applied widely as it is important for developing the link between genetics and behaviour, especially in the context of studying the frequency of the second family member having a particular characteristic proven that his/her family has it. It also contributes widely on establishing the relationship between brain activity and behaviour or the relationship between cognition and emotion. Take note that no causation is established in this level of research method. Heston, 1966 is a research held through correlation study research method for the purpose of discovering the relationship between schizophrenia and genetic information transmitted from parents. During the research process, researcher focused on investigating theShow MoreRelatedPsychology: Research Methods in Cognitive Level of Analysis1141 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methods in Cognitive Level of Analysis There are 3 research methods can be used in cognitive level of analysis. They are lab experiments, case studies of patients with brain-damage, and brain imaging techniques. The methods are basically the same methods used in biological level of analysis. These methods are useful depending how the researchers want to study the cognitive process. One of the most scientific ways to study mental processes is through lab experiments because the highRead MoreExplain how one principle of the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in one empirical2600 Words   |  11 PagesExplain how one principle of the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in one empirical study or theory Biological Level of Analysis (BLOA) deals with biological adaptations at a biological level. BLOA states that cognitions, emotions and behaviours have a physiological basis to all of them. There are 3 main principles that revolve and outline the BLOA. Foremost, Behaviour is innate, as it is genetically based, so it rational to conclude that behaviour is genetically influenced by evolutionRead MoreBiological Level of Analysis1788 Words   |  8 PagesOutline principles that define the biological level of analysis (for example, patterns of behavior can be inherited; animal research may inform our understanding of human behavior; cognitions, emotions and behaviors are products of the anatomy and physiology of our nervous and endocrine systems). Introduction: Two principles that define the biological level of analysis are that patterns of behavior can be inherited and that animal research may inform our understanding of human behavior. PatternsRead MoreFeminist Geography1667 Words   |  7 Pages socially created gender structure of society† (Ford Gregson, 1986) Feminist geographies have tended to address gender in relation to class relations, which whilst productive, ignored the question of racism entirely, serving to indicate how inherited paradigms obscure new insights into the methodologies of geographical thought. In order to adequately argue whether feminist geography is more about feminism or geography, it is important to delve a little deeper into the tenetsRead MoreThe Economic And Cultural Benefits Of Multigenerational Households1517 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Background and Significance: The goal of this action research project is to contrast and compare the economic and cultural benefits of multigenerational households in the Midwest of USA since the economic downturn. This research will focus on multigenerational households of families attending the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) Belleville Head Start Center . The families at this particular Head Start are diverse, young parents with low income and other factors thatRead MoreFree Essay Is a Scam1711 Words   |  7 PagesIn a short paragraph, summarize the Levels of Explanation Approach. John Pokinghorne said I can perceive another person as an aggregation of atoms, an open biochemical system in interaction with the environment, a specimen of homo sapiens, an object of beauty, someone who needs deserve my respect and compassion, a brother for whom Christ died. Myers believes Christians must appreciate the essential role of science in nuturing curiosity and humility. This will put a wrongheaded notion about existenceRead MoreThe Open Problem Of The Computer Virus Problem2376 Words   |  10 Pagesfor which if we research and find solutions now will help us deal with unknown viruses in the future. In this research paper we are briefly going to discuss the open problems in computer virology and review some of the techniques used to solve these problems. Also, we will try to extend the already present solutions by researching on how we can improvise certain aspects of these solutions to generate more efficient virus recognition and detection techniques. The aim of this research paper is to encourageRead MoreTheories of Crime Causation Essay example1589 Words   |  7 Pagesin the society. The theories have been developed to have an in-depth understanding of the crime and how best they can be addressed to ensure that humans live in a conducive environment. These units and theories have been around and in use from as early as the twentieth century. Over the years, theorists and researchers have engaged their minds in trying to find answers and possibly cab the high level of crime that the world faces today (Siegel, 2010). Many of the theories developed give varying analyticalRead MoreINTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 BY SAQUILAYAN2009 Words   |  9 PagesMACRO perspectives, though neither can be divorced from the other. MICROSOCIOLOGISTS †¢ Are those who concentrate on the details of particular interactions as they occur in everyday life. †¢ Microsociologists include studies of how divorced men and women disengage from significant social roles; of how conformity can influence the expression of prejudiced attitudes and how teacher’s expectations can affect a student’s academic performance. ( Schaefer, 2005) MACROSOCIOLOGISTS †¢ Are those concerned withRead MoreDiscuss the Relationships Between Social Theory and Empirical Research in Relation to One Published Study (Article 1)1886 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the relationships between social theory and empirical research in relation to one published study (ARTICLE 1) This essay will be examining the relationship between social theory and empirical research, in doing so we will be using the article written by D’Ovidio, R., Mitman, T. Et al. (2009). To do so we must firstly explain what is meant by sociological theory. Sociological theory is something that is tested and proven;it attempts to make sense of scientific data or empirical observations

The Ethics Of The Ut Student Government - 878 Words

Campaign financing has become an overwhelming issue in America as a whole, and there is no question that different perspectives have escalated within the last few years concerning, which is indeed, the â€Å"most democratic†. However, in terms of a govern election for the UT student government I believe proposal three is the most sound in creating the most democratic system in that it gives candidates the same chance in the election process and restricts the personal wealth of individual candidates. In proposal three candidates can only accept donations from students and each donation cannot exceed $25. Since this election is only regarding the UT student body, there should be no question that student contributors solemnly control it. The restriction that a donation cannot exceed $25 is not only a reasonable amount for students, but also shows the support for the candidate in that their names will be disclosed as part of the campaign. The $25 limit restriction also evens the p laying field for every candidate that there is equal opportunity for all. Candidates should not be able to spend their own money because some candidates might be more wealthy than others, in that case why even have a $25 limit to donations if you can get more money out of your own pocket. This restriction is then needed in order to have a fair democratic election. Proposal three also states that there is no limit to the amount candidates can raise and spend. With this the candidate is free to spend and buyShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Ut Austin?1923 Words   |  8 Pagesthe rest of your life. My Brother, and cousins are in UT as of now. When your roots are from your surrounding’s or Family, Those traditions, and values are your core, and will be passed down to my own kids. I have also visited The University of Texas Austin, Multiple times, and it is a perfect fit for me. I think the city is one of the biggest reason of, what makes UT Austin so special, and it differentiates its elf from other Universities. To me UT Austin is a second home to me, I know that it is theRead MoreEthical Fading : An Ethical Judgment1205 Words   |  5 PagesAnswer 1) Ethical fading is the failure to see that a condition requires an ethical judgment. In basic words, when an individual settled on choices and disregard the moral perspectives, it is known ethical fading. It alludes to a disintegration of the ethic principles of a business in which representatives get to be accustomed to participating in such conduct. The procedure of ethical fading in business where expanding returns is supported where augmenting returns is urged over reasonableness to kindredRead More Affirmative Action needs to be Changed not Ended Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesended? Affirmative action is an attempt to correct unequal distribution of benefits (status, income and wealth, power and authority), and burdens associated with ethnic and gender differences. Affirmative action has been promoted by the Federal government since the mid 1960s, when president Lyndon B. Johnson ordered federal contractors to adopt affirmative action plans. (Congress and the Nation, 748). This paper will focus on the relevance of affirmative action in the American society. It is importantRead More Allan Shivers Essay example929 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout Texas history, there have been a number of men and women to serve in their government that have stood out from the rest. Allan Shivers has been one of those men who have stuck out not only as a sore thumb, but even more as one of Texas greatest politicians. Even though his come down from politics was a rough road, his accomplishments more than equal out a bad reputation. From rags to riches, he is a landmark in the lone star state. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Allan Shivers was bornRead MoreA Research Study On Management Studies Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pageswould be the better way to serve them than by serving their health. I am someone who has always been well versed about her strengths and weaknesses, and thrive to overcome those shortcomings. I would say my transcripts will read you a very average student, when you will look at the scores. The average grade was because of my writing abilities which were not great at that time. But I constantly went on improvising on that front. And the effect is visible in dissertation semester, where I wrote my thesisRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pagesyouths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated to the American people. Having caused more harm than good, the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War failed to properly to address the problems at hand or accomplish its stated war aims-- to create a separate, sovereign, non-communist government of Vietnam, and thus was an unjustifiable response to the fragile issue at h and. OriginallyRead MoreWhy Ut Nor Atm Would Slingshot Me Into A Career Of Law Enforcement1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe question you are asked by every adult at least once in your life time, â€Å"Where are you going to college?†, or in Texas, â€Å"U.T. or A.T.M.?† For most, it is a simple answer, but for me. Neither UT nor ATM would slingshot me into a career of Law Enforcement. Only Sam Houston State University will do. Sam Houston State founded in 1879 and is the third oldest public institution of higher learning in the State of Texas. It is located approximately one hour north of downtown Houston in the hills, lakesRead MoreMarketing and Financial Markets41809 Words   |  168 PagesAn overview of Strategic Marketing. 2 2. Planning, implementing, and Controlling Marketing Strategies 30 Part 2: environmental Forces and Social and ethical responsibilities 61 3. the Marketing environment 62 4. Social Responsibility and ethics in Marketing 92  © Part 3: Using information, Technology, and Target Market Analysis 127 5. Marketing Research and information Systems 128 6. target Markets: Segmentation, evaluation, and Positioning 158 Part 4: Customer Behavior 191 7Read Moremedia’s responsibilities Essay2241 Words   |  9 Pagesthe race reporting system, comes the power, role and responsibilities of the media. There are also several guidelines like the Media Entertainment Arts and Alliance, Australian Journalist’s Association and The National Union of Journalists code of ethics among others to which journalist have to ethically abide by. The indigenous people are natives that have always been in the country. They are different in culture, race and religion. They represent the minority of the ‘society’ and are fewer in numbersRead MoreLeadership, Policy, And Change : Beyond The Darkroom : Documentary Photography As A Tool For Social Change2001 Words   |  9 Pagespolicies, and personal revolutions have begun with and been supported by the click of a shutter. From the Great Depression-era of the 1920s to the modern day Black Lives Matter movement, photography has been used strategically by both the federal governme nt and community organizers to shed light on systemic issues such as homelessness, poverty, child labor, racism, and hazardous working conditions. Lewis Hine, a photographer hired by the National Child Labor Committee, exposed the somber working conditions

Performance Evaluation of Operating System †Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Performance Evaluation of Operating System. Answer: Introduction This report introduces detailed aspect of Windows Operating System, a product of Microsoft Corporations. An operating system is a program or software of enormous size that controls the functionalities of both the hardware and software on a computing device such as a computer, laptop and such. Some examples of operating system are Microsoft Windows, Linux, iOS, macOS, Chrome OS, Google Android and such. Microsoft Windows is an operating system that is used both in personal and business purposes. It has become the most popular operating system for its simplicity and functional ease from the time Microsoft Corporation has launched MS Dos since 1981. Windows is an operating system for computing devices launched by Microsoft Corporation. The journey of Microsoft Windows begins in the year of 1981 with the launching of MSDOS. The product was nothing but an operating system that is operated using text-based commands. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporations, who identified the potential in GUI-based systems, conceived the idea behind the development of Windows [1]. Gates named the project Interface Manager. The idea of Bill Gates was to produce a GUI based system for the common mass that will have cheap cost and easy to handle. The idea was widely accepted and supported by the Microsoft personnel; however, they did not approve the name that has been coined by Gates. After considerable trial and error, the name Windows was finalised. Windows 1.0 was launched in 1985, which was used by single workplaces for consumers and later was modified with extra network support [1]. Windows is an operating system that manages the hardware and software of a computing device such as laptop, tablet, mobile phone, and such. Windows debut was in the form of MSDOS in the year 1981 followed by Windows 1.0 in 1985. Windows has continued its triumphant journey and evolved as it proceeded through years mitigating demands of the users and learning from the errors of its predecessors. The various features of Windows in the recent versions allow a user to perform almost all the daily tasks on the computer [2]. A Windows user can easily access the internet, check email, play games, view and edit images and videos and a lot more tasks. Windows supports a wide range of tools that help a personal user as well as an organisation to perform various kinds of personal and organisational jobs. Windows need not be installed in a computer for it to serve its utility. It can be hosted on a server and can be accessed by a user to avail all the functions of the system. This reduces the pr oblem of maintain the operating system itself and using up the memory of the local computer to store the software [2]. Technical Details of Windows in terms of Networking Microsoft Windows have launched a product that consists of special functions for establishing a local area network (LAN) connection with a computer and other devices. These types of systems are known as network operating systems (NOS). Windows Server and Windows NT are examples of NOS. Most of the latest operating systems have pre-integrated software that helps to simplify the networking process of a computer. Typical Windows Operating System consists of TCP/IP protocol stack and relevant utility programs such as ping [3]. To enable a devices Ethernet interface, necessary device drivers and other relevant software are also included. Earlier versions of Microsoft Windows lacked in supporting computer network facility. Windows 95 and Windows for Workgroups are the first in line Operating Systems launched by Microsoft Windows that had basic networking capability in its system. The company even introduced its Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) function in Windows 98 SE, Windows 7 and so o n. The figure provided below shows the technical details of Windows Server 2016 [3]. Advantages and Disadvantages of Windows in Relation to Client-Server Network The table provided below shows the advantages and disadvantages of Windows in relation to client-server networking: Advantages Disadvantages Server access is possible remotely. New technology integration is less complicated. Secure system. Addition and removal of new resources is easy. All the devices connected to the server are affected if the server crashes. The setup is expensive. More personnel are required for the maintenance of these types of systems. Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Windows in terms of Client-Server Network Improvements made on Windows over years The journey of Windows Operating System begins with the debut of MSDOS that could be operated by using text-based command line parameters. MSDOS helped in basic programming in C language and performing simple tasks like writing and storing text documents [5]. The latest version of Windows, that is, Windows 10 provides the user a wide array of options to perform various tasks like playing games, accessing and surfing the net, viewing and editing image and video files and many more [6]. Windows have evolved considerably in its triumphant journey from being a text-based command line driven system to a system power packed with all the latest facilities to work and stay connected with the rest of the world [7]. The figure provided below gives the complete list of Windows operating System starting from the Interface Manager launched in 1981 to Windows Server 2016 in 2016 [8]. Conclusion The report concludes with the fact that Microsoft Windows is an operating system that helps a lot in establishing network connection with its simple features and network functionalities that can be used easily by any user. Windows provides the opportunity to connect to the internet by either peer-to-peer connection or client server network model. There are many advantages and disadvantages related to both the model however, the best approach is client-server model. References Microsoft Corporation, A history of Windows - Microsoft Windows, Press Release, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history J. James, Windows 8: The development wildcard of 2012, TechRepublic, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/programming-and-development/windows-8-the-development-wildcard-of-2012/6142?tag=nl.e055s_cid=e055 D. Rountree, Windows 2012 Server Network Security. 2013. G. Martinovic, J. Balen, and B. Cukic, Performance evaluation of recent windows operating systems, J. Univers. Comput. Sci., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 218263, 2012. T. W. Shinder, Y. Diogenes, and D. L. Shinder, Windows server 2012 security from end to edge and beyond: Architecting, designing, planning, and deploying windows server 2012 security solutions. 2013. IBM SPSS Inc., SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp. Released 2012, vol. Version 20, pp. 18, 2012. H. Shibata and K. Omura, Docking window framework: supporting multitasking by docking windows, Apchi 12, pp. 227236, 2012. R. P. Padhy, M. R. Patra, and S. C. Satapathy, Windows Azure PaaS Cloud: An overview, Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 109123, 2012.

Learning free essay sample

I’d always made myself believe I was invincible, never worrying about the warnings that’d been thrown at me. Each year going by was bringing sixteen closer and closer. Everything about sixteen had been appealing, but what stuck out the most was the jingling of the keys to a car that would soon be mine. Patience at fifteen, with a permit and no way out, is more difficult than anything I’d ever imagined. My parents had laughed when sixteen came and I had my escape. The only problem was I wasn’t really free. They’d thrown out ideas of a job, which could provide me things I’d come to expect to be given to me. At an innocent age of sixteen, a job sounded delightful, offering me a way out. With money I could buy a car and gas. With that money I could buy my freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Would they, could they, call me a child when I could show them I could take care of myself? The one question I’d thought but, the questions I should’ve asked were, â€Å"Could I do this? Could I handle a job and school?† And at the time I believed it would be easy. I’d watched my mom be strong for us, while handling a job, and knew I could handle a job. The balance between my job and school was and still is difficult to keep even. Eight hours of work at school, then four or five hours of work at night, an hour or two of homework, and then finally managing to fall asleep somewhere between eleven and midnight. But what a job has taught me is to see responsibility in a completely different way. I’d always thought responsibility was something you could choose to do, the consequences of not doing them never bothering me. But after working for almost two years, I’ve learned you can choose not to face your responsibilities but you should face them in order to grow.

Higher Learning essays

Higher Learning essays John Singletons Higher Learning was not only an extremely entertaining film, but one that dealt with many real life issues, such as: importance of college education, sexuality, racism, and social equality. Although there are many troubles that are created in this very intense and dramatic movie, there are barely any significant answers. This movie takes place at Columbus University and it focuses on the lives of three freshmen that have just entered the school. Malik (Omar Epps) is an African-American track star who is habitually challenged by sixth year senior Fudge (Ice Cube) and his fair-opinioned political science teacher Mr. Phipps (Lawrence Fishburne). Then there is Kristen (Kristy Swanson), who is a beautiful Orange County girl that is hauled in by a lesbian (Jennifer Connelly) after she is raped by a social contact. And then there is Remy (Michael Rapaport), who is a white male from Idaho whose inability to fit in anywhere leads him to a group of white supremacists. Although there are three separate stories going on throughout the movie, they are consistently linked in the sense of adolescent students attempting to find their right place, but sometimes, just like in real life, going down the wrong and immoral path. Remy adapts this idea of hate against anybody who isnt a white supremacist, especially African-Americans, and it unavoidably leads to violence. Remy grows in the sense that he finds a belonging with a group, even though the group is morally wrong. In the beginning of the movie Remy had a hard time fitting in with anybody. After Kristen is raped, she characterizes the young people of todays modern world by becoming mesmerized with the unique and unfamiliar, which in this case is lesbianism. And Malik, like a majority of young people without a sense of direction, plays the blame game and thinks nothing is his fault, even though he is blatantly not giving his bes...

Spelling Tips The Y to I Rule

Spelling Tips The Y to I Rule Spelling Tips: The Y to I Rule When a word ends in a vowel plus â€Å"-y,† it’s usually straightforward to modify it by adding a letter (or letters); adding â€Å"-ous,† for example, means â€Å"joy† becomes â€Å"joyous.† However, when a word ends in a consonant plus â€Å"y† things get more complicated, which can make spelling challenging. To ensure your written work is error-free, it helps to keep the y to i rule in mind. The Y to I Rule The basic rule is, for any word that ends in a consonant plus â€Å"-y,† change the â€Å"y† to â€Å"i† if adding a suffix or forming a plural. Plurals For plurals, simply change the â€Å"y† to an â€Å"-ies†: Singular Plural Story Stories Candy Candies Hippy Hippies First-Person Singular Past Tense Verbs Forming the first-person singular of a verb ending in a consonant plus â€Å"y† requires changing the â€Å"y† to â€Å"-ies,† while the past tense involves switching â€Å"y† for â€Å"-ied†: Verb First-Person Singular Past Tense Fry Fries Fried Apply Applies Applied Beautify Beautifies Beautified Comparatives Superlatives When an adjective ends in a consonant plus â€Å"-y,† forming a comparative or superlative involves changing the â€Å"y† to â€Å"-ier† and â€Å"-iest† respectively: Adjective Comparative Superlative Tiny Tinier Tiniest Jumpy Jumpier Jumpiest Thirsty Thirstier Thirstiest Forming Adverbs Modifying an adjective to make an adverb involves substituting the â€Å"y† for â€Å"-ily†: Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Lazy Lazily Flimsy Flimsily Exceptions The â€Å"y†-to-â€Å"i† rule doesn’t always work; some variations of â€Å"sly,† for example, can be spelled with either a â€Å"y† or an â€Å"i† (e.g., â€Å"slyest/sliest† and â€Å"slyer/slier†). Moreover, while changing â€Å"y† to â€Å"i† isn’t typically necessary when a word ends with a vowel plus â€Å"-y,† there are exceptions here too (such as modifying â€Å"day† to become â€Å"daily†). As such, although the y to i rule is a good guideline, it’s still important to double-check words if you’re not sure they’re spelled correctly.

Argument about smoking in malls Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument about smoking in malls - Assignment Example The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 47 million people in the United States aged above 18 years smoke, and as a matter of fact, over half of this population will suffer disabilities or die (Berton, 2006). Smoking should be banned in malls, as the consequences suffered from smoking and secondary smoking are far too grave. Effects of secondary smoking to non-smokers in Malls Secondary smoking is a condition in which non-smokers inhale smoke from smokers’ act of smoking in public places. Research shows that over 4000 compounds are contained in second hand smoke from smokers of which 200 are poisonous. This is a dangerous trend as the smokers not only put there health in danger but also jeopardize the health of the individuals in the mall. Should the banning of smoking be implemented in malls, many lives would have been rescued from the impending danger that these secondary smoke pose to the general public that use the mall, including children of all ages that s eek various services from the many amenities that are hosted in a mall (Patrick, 2008). A demerit will however be to the businesses in the malls that sell cigarettes. The banning will probably mean that malls will be a no smoking zone, quickly diminishing the market that would be available for the cigarettes that many business premises carry out in these malls. This will also translate to a lot of losses that the government gets from hefty revenues that governments get from the sale of cigarettes. Probable steps in reducing the population that smokes A large fraction of the population worldwide is known to smoke. It is reported that a third of the entire male population worldwide smokes. A lesser statistic is however documented for female smokers though it is steadily rising. By banning smoking or introducing stringent measures about smoking in malls, a large population is bound to eventually lose the habit. This would be a big step to most countries as the number of diseases that a re related to smoking cases is so alarming. It is also established that smoking kills one out of 10 that die globally. There is no doubt at all that reducing the numbers via such an action would prevent numerous deaths and fatal ailments that smokers usually undergo but won’t just stop due to the addiction suffered (Joelle, 2002). The reduction of smokers will however cause a big blow to the manufacturing industries, the government for its revenue and advertising houses that all make huge profits from activities related to smoking or cigarettes in general. There is also a danger of withdrawal symptoms that will be exhibited by most ex-smokers, a condition that always cause irritability and the reduction of concentration, factors that may really affects ones daily activities. Reduced Influence on underage Children and Teenagers Even though it is recorded that a majority of teenagers get into smoking as a result of peer pressure from fellow peers, a large percentage can be infl uenced into the habit just by public exposure in places like malls and public parks. It becomes worse when they see an influential figure publicly smoking in a mall; something that will make them conclude that the habit is cool. Apart from just the influence, teenagers and children are also prone to health hazards that might be impacted by secondary smoking. Should smoking be banned or limited in malls, many kids are bound to escape forced introduction into

Contemporary Irish Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary Irish Films - Essay Example This drama implementation on TV has contributed to the widespread and popularity of such true-to-life documentaries appearance in cinema tends to prioritise the creative influence of the film's directors. [Pettitt, 2000] Thus, making their films the tend to deal with the topics of abuse from the past; based on true stories they have their great emotional effect on the viewers, and uncover the real sense of the traditional social political and religious establishments which rules the life of people for a long time. That's why the real historical or fictional characters, or the images of the USA President appear to perceive the reality depicted in the film in a more deeper sense. Drama has also challenged viewers' minds by imagining events that could not be countenanced by factual television. Fictional representations, therefore, have played a major role in the maintenance and reshaping of perceptions about the Troubles and to this extent they have performed a political function. [Pettitt, 2000] The reports stay that the number of screens in Ireland has increased by 68% from 192 screens to 322 screens (during the period of 1991-2001), but the number of cinemas in Ireland has reduced by 15% from 81 cinemas to 69 in the same period. As for the contemporary Irish films, Pettitt who deals with the films after the 1970s, speaks about both the great thread posed by the influence of Hollywood - dubbed 'Californication' by Oliver St. John Gogarty three-quarters of the century ago - and the need for the resources that the American films companies can supply. [Pettitt, 2000] He also points out the fact that Irish cinema, for all its independence, hews fairly closely to the Hollywood formula followed everywhere from West Los Angeles to Bombay. According to Pettitt (2000), drama since the late 1960s has explored some of the deepest fears of those embroiled in conflict, but has not only reflected the political shifts in Northern Ireland. The political, security and legal apparatus of the British establishment has been most effectively critiqued at different junctures in the drama-documentary format. There has been a line of drama that has interrogated the problematic relationship of unionism within Anglo-Irish politics and the increasingly attenuated sense of Ulster loyalism. Fictional representations, therefore, have played a major role in the maintenance and reshaping of perceptions about the Troubles and to this extent they have performed a political function. [Pettitt, 2000] According to Crosson (2003), contemporary Irish film itself reflects the failure of Irish history to excite the imagination of Ireland's youth as effectively as the seductive depictions of America's past as medicated through the Western and gangster films. So that, films made in Ireland today reflect both these genres. The Irish cinema-going experience has come from Hollywood since in independence in 1922. [Rockett, 1991; p.19] The Irish Film Board has attempted to counterpart Ireland's huge dependence on imported film by supporting films made in the country and by Irish people. However, Ireland remains a substantial net importer of images, many of them

Health and Safety act 1974 Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety act 1974 Essay The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment.Covers: †¢ safe plant and systems of work; †¢ safe methods for the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances; †¢ necessary information, instruction, training and supervision; †¢ a safe and well-maintained workplace, including safe access and egress; †¢ a safe working environment with adequate welfare facilities This legislation requires employers to prepare, and maintain up-to-date, a statement showing the policy on safety and the organisation and arrangements put in place to ensure the general policy is carried out. The employer must ensure that all employees are aware of the policy and any revision. Manufacturing organisation: Tasty Bake- Tasty Bake is one of the UKs leading sausage manufacturers. Cardamon Pod- Cardamon Pod is a small business offering a wide range of delicious savoury and sweet samosas to both public and private clients throughout the UK and overseas. Service provider: Chef per Tutti offering a private chef service. Planglow Ltd. Planglow is a recognised market leader for the supply of branded paper-based products to the catering industry. Main causes of injury: †¢ Manual handling and lifting especially lifting heavy and awkward loads and pushing wheeled racks †¢ Slips and trips mostly due to wet or contaminated floors †¢ Falls from height off ladders, stairs, work platforms, plant and vehicles †¢ Struck by an object (eg hand knife) or striking against an object (eg plant) †¢ Exposure to harmful substances and hot objects, eg splashes/vapour from cleaning chemicals, contact with hot equipment Electricity at work regulations 1989 This legislation places legal implications on employers to ensure the safety of electrical devices in the workplace. Covers: †¢ Ensure all persons working on or near electrical equipment are competent, to prevent danger and injury †¢ Maintain electrical systems in safe condition †¢ Carry out electrical work safely †¢ Ensure equipment is suitable and safe to use in terms:- of strength and capability of use in adverse or hazardous environments e.g. weather, dirt, dust, gases, mechanical hazards, flammable atmospheres, etc †¢ Ensure effective insulation of conductors in a system This legislation is requires precautions to be taken against the risk of death or personal injury from electricity during work activities. Manufacturing organisation: McKinlay Electrical Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Elkay Electrical Manufacturing Company Ltd Customer providers: Southern Electric E-on Main hazards: †¢ Electric shock †¢ Electric burns †¢ Fires of electrical origin †¢ Electric arcing causing â€Å"Arc Eye† †¢ Explosions initiated or caused by electricity Display screen equipment regulations 1992 The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 aim to protect the health of people who work with DSE. The Regulations were introduced because DSE has become one of the most common kinds of work equipment. Covers: †¢ Assess display screen equipment workstations and reduce any risks which are discovered. †¢ Make sure that workstations satisfy the essential safety requirements which are set for the display screen, keyboard, desk and chair, working environment, task design and software †¢ Plan display screen equipment work so that there are breaks or changes of activity †¢ Provide information and training for display screen equipment users This legislation requires: †¢ Employers have to carry out a suitable and sufficient analysis of all workstations provided for use by users or operators in other words, a risk assessment. †¢ DSE workstations must meet the Schedule of Minimum Requirements. †¢ Employers have to ensure that users get periodic breaks or changes of activity away from the display screen equipment. †¢ Employers have to provide information to users and operators on risks identified by the assessment, steps taken to reduce the risks, and, where appropriate, the systems for breaks and for eyesight tests. Manufacturing organisation: Computer manufacturers: Dell, Asus. Customer providers: Shops – Asda, Tesco, Boots, they are using screen equipment. Accountant assistant job – working with computers. Risks: †¢ Upper Limb Disorders aches and pains in the hands, wrists, arms, neck, shoulders, back etc. †¢ Visual Difficulties eyes can become tired and existing conditions can become more noticeable.

Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary Essay

An Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary As Gustave Flaubert wrote the novel Madame Bovary, he took special care to examine the relationship between literature and the effect on its readers. His heroine Emma absorbs poetry and novels as though they were instructions for her emotional behavior. When her mother dies, she looks to poetry to decide what degree of mourning is adequate; when she becomes adulterous she thinks immediately how she is like the women in literature that she has read about. In one scene, Emma is with her second lover, Leon, rowing in a boat, and she begins to sing several lines from the poem "Le Lac" by the romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine. The poem is about two lovers rowing on a lake as well, which is undoubtedly why Emma chooses this particular verse to sing. However, Lamartine's piece expresses much more than the serenity of love, a depth that Emma fails to see. By having Emma naively invoke the words of Lamartine, Flaubert brings the heaviness of the poem to a scene of otherwise lightheart ed beauty. This poetic reference not only suggests a greater depth to the scene, but also serves, through the hand of Flaubert, to allude to the death of Emma. Flaubert refers to Lamartine at the beginning of the novel when Emma's mother dies. Emma "Ãâ€"let herself meander along with Lamartine, listened to harps on lakes, to all the songs of dying swans, to the falling of leaves, the pure virgins ascending into heavenÃâ€"" (28). Emma uses this poetry as a way of inducing herself into sadness; she reads his poetry as a way of finding the right mood for her mourning. However, imitation of grief is the only thing that she achieves; her readings afford her no great insights other ... ...he irony of her words. Ultimately, the scene between Emma and Leon is just as fleeting as with Lemartine and M. Charles; their happy moments fade into something darker. Just as Emma cannot understand the importance of the words she sings, she does not understand the gravity of the moment she is in. Only the reader is aware of this depth, a depth achieved through the careful maneuvering of Flaubert. Works Cited and Consulted Berg, William J. and Laurey K. Martin. Gustave Flaubert. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Geoffrey Wall. London: Penguin Books 1992. Maraini, Dacia. Searching for Emma: Gustave Flaubert and Madame Bovary. Translated by Vincent J. Bertolini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Steegmuller, Francis. Flaubert and Madame Bovary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968.

Christine Adika

Directed by Roman Polanski, The Pianist is an outstanding, emotion-filled film which brings us back to history when the German Nazi invaded Poland. Basically, the film is all about the struggles experienced by a Holocaust survivor in Nazi-occupied Warsaw in Poland. The Pianist is based on the life story of a Holocaust survivor Wladyslaw Szpilman, played by Adrien Brody, who is also a talented Jew musician who belongs to the well-off family in Poland. The Pianist is an interweaved story of survival and complexity. The film also starred Emilia Fox, Michael Zebrowski, Frank Finley, and Maureen Lipman. The film started with Szpilman passionately playing his piano over a live radio recital—just while the German Nazis has invaded them; just when bombs are exploding and people are dying in the area. The Szpilman belongs to a family who lived a comfortable and well-off life not until September 1, 1939—when the German Nazi started invading Poland. The Jews of Warsaw was brought in a ghetto, including the family of Szpilman. While his family was brought to a death camp, Szpilman escaped and survived the brutality. He hid in an abandoned building. As he stayed there, a German officer who shares the same interest as his in music became his friend. The German officer became the one who gave him food regularly.   He lived underground until the Soviets arrived. Some say that Adrien Brody did not act well in the movie. They say that the actor did not display any kind of emotion that touched them. But I think Brody is portrayed his role well. Although, given with a relatively few lines in the film, managed to capture the emotions of  the viewers, I think. He exactly depicted the role as I imagined it as read the book. It was no doubt he won the Oscar Best Actor award. The music of the movie, which appeared to be perfectly chosen, enhanced the setting and the mood of The Pianist. One example is the Chopin, which he played during his live recital over the radio while bombs are exploding outside.   Chopin represented his passion for music. Meanwhile, the Nocturne in C-sharp Minor setting emphasized that the film is an historical account and. Its tone set the stage for the dramatic tone of the movie.   The â€Å"Moving to the Ghetto† song also enhanced the film. The Pianist was based on a book written by Szpilman right after he was rescued by the Soviets which was originally titled as Death of a City. It served as a diary of a Holocaust survivor in his days in hell. The film director was successful in bringing in to the viewers of the film the exact setting in the book. The film, through its cinematography showed the viewers the pain that the Jews had to endure. The plot of the film showed scenes as traumatic as the book had traumatic story in every page. The book was perfectly represented in the film especially the part that the Jews are treated as â€Å"parasites of the humanity.† Just how the book described the cruelty of the German Nazi, the movie flashed scenes which are, I must say, equally brutal as told in the book. The main character was also portrayed as how Szpilman appeared to be in the book. Watching the film is actually reading the exact book. It was like turning each page of the book as I witnessed each scene in the film. The film basically revolved around oppression that happened during the German Nazi invasion. I think tried to show the pains and the sufferings that one has to endure for him/her to liberate him/her fully from the oppressors. The film featured no heroic acts or anything that are usual in the protagonists of a film. It mainly told us a story of survival—even when almost alone. One worth noting in the film is the occasional use of metaphors and symbols to creatively present the message or the content of the film. One example is when he looked intently to his piano. The musical instrument that he once used to entertain and â€Å"allure† other people is now an instrument could signal death. The Pianist is definitely a must-see movie. The film is imbued with artistic substance while portraying one of the most brutal plights in history. The movie disdains Spielberg’s â€Å"Schindler's List† which provided a larger picture of a Holocaust and opted to focus on one individual who had experienced to be in the same situation. This choice made the movie more effective, I guess. Because I was able to understand feel more the situation during that time. The Pianist provided a magnified view of the Holocaust—and that made the movie more interesting. Focusing on one individual, I think, made the audience feel more the mood and content of the movie. More than a mere autobiography and an historical account, The Pianist is a magnificent work made by a cinematic mind. The two and a half hour viewing of the film might cause you to hold your breath due to the chaotic story with a brilliant portrayal. To say that the film is just an ordinary one and lacks twist and creativity is like saying that you don not understand the movie at all. The movie has a string of profundity that must be dug in for the viewer to comprehend and absorb the essence of the film. The movie is not all about winning and losing, hiding and seeking. Simply put, it is all about life death. Survival, that is. Reference: Internet Movie Data Base â€Å"External Reviews for The Pianist† 31 March 2007

The Tudors

THE TUDORS: The birth of the nation state. The new monarchy Henry VII is less known than Henry VIII or Elizabeth I but he was more important in establishing the new monarchy. Henry VII firmly believed that war and glory were bad business, and that business was good for the state. Henry had more power and more money than earlier kings. His aim was to make the crown financially independent. When he died in 1509 he left a huge amount of money. The only thing on which he was happy to spend money was the building of ships. Henry VIII was quite unlike his father. He was cruel, wasteful with money, and interested in pleasing himself. The reformationHenry VIII was always looking for new sources of money. He disliked the power of Church in England because, since it was an international organization, he could not completely control it. In 1531 Henry persuaded the bishops to make him head of the Church in England, and this became law after Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The bre ak with Rome was purely political. He wanted to control the Church and keep its wealth in his own. He used the Parliament to make the break legal. Through several Acts of Parliament between 1532 and 1536, England became politically a Protestant country, even though the popular religion was Catholic.After the acceptance of the Reformation Henry closed monasteries and other religious houses. Monks and nuns were thrown out. The dissolution of the monasteries was probably the greatest act of official destruction in the history of Britain. Elizabeth I Elizabeth I became queen when Mary died in 1558. She wanted to find peaceful answers to the problems of English Reformation. She wanted to bring together again parts of English society which were in religious disagreement. And she wanted to make England prosperous. She considered trade the most important foreign policy matter, and also encouraged merchant expansion.She recognized Spain as her main trade, rival and enemy. Mary, the â€Å"Qu een of Scots†, was the heir to the English throne, she was a strong Catholic. When she returned to Scotland, soon made enemies, because she got tired of her husband and she agreed to murder him and married the murdered so she was unpopular among people and finally she escaped to England. Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner for almost 20 years. In 1587 she finally agreed to Mary’s execution. England and her neighbours During the Tudor period, from 1485 until 1603, English foreign policy changed several times. Mary queen of Scot and the Scottish reformationMary was troubled by bad luck and wrong decisions. She was Catholic, she returned to Scotland as both queen and widow. During her time in France, Scotland had become officially and popularly Protestant. The Scots were careful not to give the monarch authority over the new Protestant Scottish â€Å"kirk†, as the church in Scotland was called. This was possible because the new Reformation took place while the queen, Mary, was not in Scotland. The Kirk taught the importance of personal belief and the study of the Bible, this led to the idea that education was important for everyone in Scotland.Protestantism had spread quickly through the Scottish universities. The new Kirk disliked Mary and her French Catholicism. Then Mary was married again, to Lord Darnley, later she got tired of him, consequently she agreed to murder her husband and married the murderer, Bothwel. Scottish society was shocked. In addition to her Catholicism and her French culture, she had shown very poor judgment. She destroyed her chance of inheriting the English throne. She found herself at war with her opponents, and was captured and imprisoned. She escaped to England, where she was held by Elizabeth and after nineteen years she was executed.Refer to society during Tudor times. †¢ Tudor parliaments. The Tudor monarchs did not like governing through Parliament. Henry VII had used Parliament only for law making. Until th e end of the Tudor period Parliament was supposed to do three things: agree to the taxes needed; make the laws which the Crown suggested; and advise the crown, only when asked to do so. †¢ Rich and poor in town and country. During this period the population increased, England had social and economic problems than ever before. The price of food and other goods rose. But a greater problem was the increase in population.Living conditions got worse. Many landowners made money from sheep farming; they could sell the wool to the cloth industry. Many people became unemployed. In 1601 Parliament passed the First Poor Law. This made local people responsible for the poor in their own area. The lives of the rich and poor were different. The rich ate good quality bread while the poor ate rough bread. The rich showed off their wealth in silk clothing, while the poor wore simple clothes of leather or wool. †¢ Domestic life. Women in England had a greater freedom than anywhere else in Eu rope.However, there was a dark side of married life. Most women bore between eight and fifteen children. Marriage was often an economic arrangement, there weren’t deep emotional ties. Both rich and poor lived in small family groups. People worked hard and died young. Poor children started work at the age of six or seven. Unmarried women suffered badly during this period, after the dissolution of the monasteries they became beggars on the roads of England. They had little choice in life. †¢ Language and culture. At the beginning of the Tudor period English was spoken in different ways.Since the mid-fourteenth century, London English had become accepted as Standard English. Educated people began to speak â€Å"correct† English, and uneducated people continued to speak the local dialect. Literacy increased greatly during the mid-sixteenth century. England felt the effects of the Renaissance, it also influence religion, encouraging the Protestant Reformation. In music England enjoyed its most fruitful period ever. Literature was England’s greatest art form; William Shakespeare filled the theatres with their exciting new plays.

Cannibis Sativa Essays - Cannabis, Herbalism, Medicinal Plants

Cannibis Sativa Essays - Cannabis, Herbalism, Medicinal Plants Cannibis Sativa Throughout history marijuana has been used to serve various purposes in many different cultures. The purposes have changed over time to fit in with the current lifestyles. This pattern is also true in American history. The use of marijuana has adapted to the social climate of the time. Marijuana, whose scientific name is cannibis sativa, was mentioned in historical manuscripts as early as 2700 B. C. in China. (Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1995). The cultivation of the marijuana plant began as far back as the Jamestown settlers, around 1611, who used hemp produced from the marijuana plant's fibers to make rope and canvas. It was also used in making clothing because of it's durability. These uses fit in with the social climate of the time, because the main focus was on survival rather than for psychoactive purposes. During the prohibition, marijuana was widely used because of the scarcity of alcohol. Prohibition was repealed after just thirteen years while the prohibition against marijuana lasted for more than seventy five years. This double standard may have resulted from the wishes of those in power. Alcohol prohibition struck directly at tens of millions of Americans of all ages, including many of societies most powerful members. Marijuana prohibition threatened far fewer Americans, and they had relatively little influence in the districts of power. Only the prohibition of marijuana, which some sixty million Americans have violated since 1965 has come close to approximating the prohibition experience, but marijuana smokers consist mostly of young and relatively powerless Americans (American Heritage, pg 47). Alcohol prohibition was repealed and marijuana prohibition was retained, not because scientists had proved that alcohol was the less dangerous of the various psychoactive drugs, but because of the prejudices and preferences of most Americans (American Heritage, pg 47). In 1937 the government issued the Marijuana Tax Act, which levied a dollar an ounce tax on marijuana, coupled with fines of $2,000 for drug posession and jail sentences for evasion of the tax. For this reason marijuana use in the United States appears to have gone into decline in the late 30's (Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, pg 54). Then marijuana was outlawed in 1937 as a repressive measure against Mexican workers who crossed the border seekingjobs during the Depression. The specific reason given for the outlawing of the hemp plant was it's supposed violent "effect on the degenerate races" (Schaffer, pg. 86). Beginning in the 60's marijuana use saw a resurgence which may be attributed to many causes. One of the main causes was the rebellion of youth against the Vietnam War. They used marijuana as an escape from war to peace. It was easy at this time to depict marijuana as a beneficial and completely harmless substance whose effects were far less harmful than those of legal drugs such as alcohol and nicotine because there was not enough scientific research done during the 60's (Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, pg 54). Another cause may have been the discovery of the psychoactive component of marijuana- tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. Users found the relation between the doses and the effects (Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995). The current atmosphere provides for doctors to suggest synthetic marijuana (THC) in a pure and standardized form by perscription (called Marinol) for the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. Also, although there is no scientific evidence that shows marijuana is beneficial in the treatment of glaucoma, it may prevent the progression of visual loss. Marijuana, along with alcohol and a host of other substances, can actually lower intraocular eye pressure. The mediction however, must be carefully tailored to the individual to prevent further eye damage. The evidence has clearly shown that marijuana has been around for a great deal of time and has served multiple purposes throughout history. Karen Sipes Dana Pentoney Jeni Roane Sources Grolier Electronic Encylopedia, Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1995 Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, Drugs, Society & Behavior. Vol. 3, 1992. Ethan A. Nadelmann, American Heritage Magazine, Feb-Mar, 1993. Medical Marijuana, lec.org/Drug_Watch/ Public/Documents/Med_Marijuana_Paper.htm, 1995.

A Collection of Anthropology Definitions

A Collection of Anthropology Definitions The study of anthropology is the study of human beings: their culture, their behavior, their beliefs, their ways of surviving. Here is a collection of other definitions of anthropology from anthropologists and other dedicated to defining and describing what Alexander Pope (1688–1744) called the proper study of mankind- man. Anthropology Definitions Anthropology is less a subject matter than a bond between subject matters. It is part history, part literature; in part natural science, part social science; it strives to study men both from within and without; it represents both a manner of looking at man and a vision of man- the most scientific of the humanities, the most humanist of sciences.- Eric Wolf, Anthropology, 1964. Anthropology has traditionally attempted to stake out a compromise position on this central issue by regarding itself as both the most scientific of the humanities and the most humanistic of the sciences. That compromise has always looked peculiar to those outside anthropology  but today it looks increasingly precarious to those within the discipline.- James William Lett. 1997. Science Reason and Anthropology: The Principles of Rational Inquiry. Rowman and Littlefield, 1997. Anthropology is the study of humankind. Of all the disciplines that examine aspects of human existence and accomplishments, only Anthropology explores the entire panorama of the human experience from human origins to contemporary forms of culture and social life.- University of Florida Anthropology is Answering Questions Anthropologists attempt to answer the question: how can one explain the diversity of human cultures that are currently found on earth and how have they evolved? Given that we will have to change rather rapidly within the next generation or two this is a very pertinent question for anthropologists.- Michael Scullin Anthropology is the study of human diversity around the world. Anthropologists look at cross-cultural differences in social institutions, cultural beliefs, and communication styles. They often seek to promote understanding between groups by translating each culture to the other, for instance by spelling out common, taken-for-granted assumptions.- University of North Texas Anthropology seeks to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human communities. To an anthropologist, diversity itself- seen in body shapes and sizes, customs, clothing, speech, religion, and worldview- provides a frame of reference for understanding any single aspect of life in any given community.- American Anthropological Association Anthropology is the study of people. In this discipline, people are considered in all their biological and cultural diversities, in the present as well as in the prehistoric past, and wherever people have existed. Students are introduced to the interaction between people and their environments to develop an appreciation of human adaptations past and present.-   Portland Community College Anthropology explores what it means to be human. Anthropology is the scientific study of humankind in all the cultures of the world, both past and present.- Western Washington University The Human Experience of Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans in all areas and in all periods of time.- Triton College Anthropology is the only discipline that can access evidence about the entire human experience on this planet.- Michael Brian Schiffer Anthropology is the study of human culture and biology in the past and present. - Western Kentucky University Anthropology is, at once, both easy to define and difficult to describe; its subject matter is both exotic (marriage practices among Australian aborigines) and commonplace (the structure of the human hand); its focus both sweeping and microscopic. Anthropologists may study the language of a tribe of Brazilian Native Americans, the social life of apes in an African rain forest, or the remains of a long-vanished civilization in their own backyard- but there is always a common thread linking these vastly different projects, and always the common goal of advancing our understanding of who we are and how we came to be that way. In a sense, we all do anthropology because it is rooted in a universal human characteristic- curiosity about ourselves and other people, living and dead, here and across the globe.- University of Louisville Anthropology is devoted to the study of human beings and human societies as they exist across time and space. It is distinct from other social sciences in that it gives central attention to the full-time span of human history, and to the full range of human societies and cultures, including those located in historically marginalized parts of the world. It is therefore especially attuned to questions of social, cultural, and biological diversity, to issues of power, identity, and inequality, and to the understanding of dynamic processes of social, historical, ecological, and biological change over time.- Stanford University Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities. - Attributed to A.L. Kroeber The Jam in the Sandwich Culture is the jam in the sandwich of anthropology. It is all-pervasive. It is used to distinguish humans from apes (everything that man does that the monkeys do not (Lord Ragland)) and to characterize evolutionarily derived behaviors in both living apes and humans. It is often both the explanation of what it is that has made human evolution different and what it is that it is necessary to explain... It exists in the heads of humans and is manifested in the products of actions. ... [C]ulture is seen by some as the equivalent of the gene, and hence a particulate unit (the meme) that can be added together in endless permutations and combinations, while to others it is as a large and indivisible whole that it takes on its significance.   In other words, culture is everything to anthropology, and it could be argued that in the process it has also become nothing.- Robert Foley and Marta Mirazon Lahr. 2003. On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution, and the Emergence of Culture. Evolutionary Archaeology 12:109-122.   Anthropologists and their informants are inextricably bound together in producing an ethnographic text that integrates the impact of their unique personalities, their social incongruities, and their dreams.- Moishe Shokeid, 1997. Negotiating Multiple Viewpoints: The cook, the native, the publisher, and the ethnographic text. Current Anthropology 38(4):638.

Causes and Impacts of the French Revolution Research Paper

Causes and Impacts of the French Revolution - Research Paper Example However, the long period of revolution had positive impacts for the country as the citizens acquired equal rights and terminated the oppressive regimes that had continuously oppressed the rights of the public. It marked an end for unreasonable tax policies, oppression of peasants, and the decline of dictatorship. From this perspective, the French revolution was an expression of the political, financial and social crisis that had affected the country, and its results contributed to a positive transformation of France. The looming financial crisis in France was a major contributor to the events that occurred during the French revolution. By the end of 1789, France was in great debt and the country was already heading to the worst financial crisis. The country’s debts were as a result of the country’s participation in the Seven years’ war and the American Revolution war (De Tocqueville 12-19). The government of France had invested in the war and the country was already in a financial crisis at the time the war ended. Besides, the government was spendthrift and the country resources were used extravagantly. Consequently, the government was under pressure to devise ways to alleviate the crisis and fund its extravagant spending. The king was in fear that it would soon become hard to run the government if new strategies of the financial collection were no passed. When the government introduced burdensome tax policies, the Peasants were resistant and felt that the regime was becoming unbearable. The social activists mobilized the public to resist these changes. What followed was resistance to pay taxes as the peasants felt the need to fight for a fairer society which would be the government with economic balance. Therefore, an oppressive tax policy was the trigger that initiated the French revolution.

Cognitive biases and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive biases and decision making - Essay Example ob applicant, an interviewer may give a high rating to another applicant who is average at best because they appear more qualified than the previous applicant. Adjustment and anchoring biases may also influence decision making, especially in cases where the individual tends to make judgments on the basis of their initial assessments as anchor, while failing to make sufficient later adjustments (Das & Teng, 1999: p760). For example, an interviewer who has a high-caliber anchor or descriptions of the perfect job candidate may give average applicants substantially higher scores than the interviewer who has anchors of a lower caliber. In this case, evaluation and judgment is not dependent on competence but, rather, on anchors (Das & Teng, 1999: p760). Availability bias also influences the process of decision making, specifically as a result of inaccurate evaluation of event frequency based on the ease of memory recall. The aspects of a specific issue that are unusual and, as a result, more memorable, are more easily recalled and occur more frequently, which negatively influences the process of decision making in most cases. For instance, an interviewer may be influenced more by unfavorable and negative information as compared to more positive information. In such a scenario, availability biases is referent to a condition in which imaginations and beliefs of what could or should happen leads to the ind ividual making the decision remembering similar past situations and applying them to the current situation (Das & Teng, 1999: p760). Confirmation biases also have a unique impact on the decision making process and outcomes. In this case, there is a tendency for the decision-maker to look for evidence in order to confirm pre-conceptions, while ignoring any information that contradicts these pre-conceptions. One scenario that is especially liable to cognitive bias but can be improved through using the right decision making process is an evaluation of appropriate climate

Human resources Corporate culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources Corporate culture - Assignment Example I have seen that the Theory X managers are usually very quick to reach conclusions and are usually wrong in their assumptions but this is not the case with the Theory Y managers who take their time to understand things and then decide for their own selves what the best course of action is (Papa, Daniels, & Spiker, 2008). As far as the assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior within the contexts of influencing organizational cultures are concerned, I have witnessed that the organizational culture is usually backed up with an understanding of the human natures which are spread across the domains of an organization. This also means that the standards of behavior bring about different influences within the making up of the organizational culture which is something very significant indeed. I have seen assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior being at the behest of bringing about significant changes in the course of the human resources management regimes in an org anization. This is because people react differently within varied scenarios and it is important to comprehend such circumstances. Human nature is something that shapes up the entire discussion of the organizational culture and it is about time that one comprehends the true implications of the same.

Effective Appraisal Methods Undertaken By Companies Commerce Essay

Effective Appraisal Methods Undertaken By Companies Commerce Essay With the increase of globalisation and new technologies of information and communication, businesses are facing more challenges than before. Furthermore, people are moving from their own country to relocate elsewhere. This give more difficulties to businesses to understand not only their customers, but also their workforces as they are coming from different part of the world and might have different way of thinking and acting. An organisation is a group of people working together in order to achieve the goals and objective that have been set. Therefore managing those people effectively and efficiency must be a company primary focus. This research is based on the type of performance appraisal that a company should be used in order to evaluate correctly its workforce. In order words, there are many different methods such as: 360 degree feedback systems, critical incidents, forced distribution, self-evaluation, essay evaluation, behavioural observation scales and management by objectives. These methods can be divided into two categories: past-oriented methods and future-oriented methods Statement of the problem Human Resource Management is the management of the human capital, workforce within an organisation. It has many functions which are: recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisals and employees promotion. M. Armstrong define it as: a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisations most values assets- the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives (G. Armstrong, 2006, P.3). As people make an organisation, it is important for managers to deal with their personnel enquiries effectively. Evaluate or conducting performance appraisal on employee is also very important and it is one of Human Resource Management functions. There are no standard performance evaluation methods; companies chose the method that satisfies their needs and requirement. A method is chosen according the nature and the culture of the business. Also it is important to say that each method have both advantages and disadvantages and must be analysed carefully before taken into practice. Aims and objectives of the study In order to carry out properly, accurately and normally this research, it is crucial and important to point out it aims and objectives. The research aims are: The first objective of this research is to underline the importance of performance appraisal within an organization. Why Human Resource Managers conduct or evaluate their employees. What is the reason why employees should be evaluated after a certain period of time? What is the main purpose of employee evaluation? Is employee performance related to his/her pay? Or is it because the company just want to know who is performing very well and who is not? Also has the business notice that performance appraisal lead to a kind of motivation factor for its workforce? Because some employees would like to be rewarded whenever they think they are doing a good job. The second objective of this research is to find out which performance appraisal method is undertaken by PEABODY and why have they chosen that particular method Thirdly, it is also essential to notice that performance appraisal do not only matter for the organization but also influence employees. Therefore whenever a company evaluate their employees how do they do it? Which evaluation process to do take to appraise them? Are employees getting feedback on their performance? Finally, what strategy is used by human resource manager for employees with good and poor performance appraisal? LITERATURE REVIEW According to G. Dessler, performance appraisal can be defined as: the process of evaluating an employees current and/or past performance relative to his or her performance standards. (G. Dessler, 2008, P.336). In other words, performance appraisal helps the management to identify and evaluate their employees strengths and weaknesses. As result of conducting performance appraisal by an organization, managers will be able to adopt the best suitable motivation method. For example: if an employee feedback is positive, managers should motivate or reward him because they want him to keep having good performance in the future. M. Foot C. Hook added: Managers conduct performance appraisal for variety of reason such as: improve current performance, identify training needs, to award salary increases, to increase motivation [] (M. Foot C. Hook, 2005 P.268). It can also be seen as a motivation factors when employees have the feedback on their appraisal. Managers should take different strategies with employees who have poor performance. For example they can b e sent for training and development. But before doing so, the Human resource manager should identify the reason why they have poor performance. Figure 2 explains the steps and procedures to follow when dealing with poor performance. (S. Gilmore S. William, 2009, P.247). Performance appraisal is directly link with employees training and development because when it has been conducted that an employer might be able to identify whether if their employees have to go for a training program or not. Additionally, some employees are paid depending on their performance especially those who work in the marketing department. Therefore, the company must carry out performance appraisal after a certain period of time. (G. Dessler, 2008, P.339). Furthermore, for a company to achieve their goals and objectives, each and every worker in the organization should achieve their own target. DIFFERENT TYPE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL There many different types of performance appraisal such as 360 degree appraisal, forced distribution method, self-appraisal, rating scales method, critical incident method, ranking method, essay method and management by objective. 360-Degree Feedback Systems Armstrong stated: 360-degree feedback is also known as multi source assessment, is a process in which someones performance is assessed and feedback is given by number of people who may include their manager, subordinates, colleagues and customers (Armstrong, 2009, P.644). This assessment method is done by different persons in order to reduce or eliminate judgmental decision and bias. As an employee performance needs to be looked in a wider aspect, internal assessment done by managers only will not be as accurate as possible. This method is useful when appraising employees who work in call centres, receptionists and customer service. Where pass the majority of their working time dealing the customer enquiries. It is also a combination of different sources of performance appraisal information to create many different evaluator or 360-degree appraisal and feedback system. Jobs are multifaceted, and different people see different things. As the name implies, 360-Degree feedback is intended to provide employees with as accurate a view of their perf ormance. As all others methods of appraising workers performance, this method has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages 360-degree feedback has many advantages such as: firstly, it looks at the employee performance from different point of view. It includes collecting multiple perspective of managers performance by allowing employees to compare their own personal evaluation with others people point of view. (R. Noe et al, 2003, P.388). Secondly, Armstrong argued that it increases awareness by senior management that they too have development needs. Sometimes managers and board director believe that they know everything and therefore do not need to be appraised on their performance. (Armstrong, 2009, P.646). This frequently happens in organization where autocratic management style is adopted which stipule that managers are always right employees should always follow without any suggestions. Finally, feedback receive are more reliable and objective, therefore adequate actions can be undertaken. (Armstrong, 2009, P.646) Disadvantages According to Armstrong, people are not always honest and therefore wrong analysis can be made by managers. Also, people mind can change time to time. J. Ivancevich added that: providing constructive feedback require a plan and well-trained rater. And this is not typically found in organization. (J. Ivancevich, 2007, P.260). However some has strategies to make sure that 360 work as effectively as possible. For instance: to encourage participation in its customer performance appraisal process, Xerox business services plant a tree for each customer who return a completed form. (Jackson et al, 2009 P. 334). The introduction of 360-degree feedback in place where pre-evaluation had not been conducted can be very dangerous. For instance: in place where there is low level of trust and high level of competition. When conducting your 360-degree, customers might not give their real opinion about an employee performance. Furthermore, this can also lead to an increase in bias. If an employee is assessed by customers who are friends and/or family, t hey might rate the employee according to their personal feeling rather than the employees performance. Another disadvantage of 360-degree feedback is that, it does involve too much bureaucracy as everyone will be asked to assess the particular employee. Therefore this may require lots of time. Additionally, conducted performance appraisal is not enough but taking effective decision after having performance appraisal result is very important. Lack of feedback may de-motivate employees to take another one next time. Moreover, they need to know what are their strengths and weakness. This is the reason why some companies conduct self-assessment method of performance appraisal. Forced Distribution G. Dessler says: The forced distribution method is similar to grading on a curve; predetermined percentages of rates are placed in various performance categories. (G. Dessler, 2008, P.345). Most of the time, companies divide it into three where there is the first category w here companys best employees are placed, then the second category where the second best in located and finally the last category where usually poor performance is found.(Jackson et al, 2009 P. 335). Those who fall in the first group are encouraged continuing with great performance with some options available. Employees in the second group category are also encouraged to increase their potentiality in order to reach the top first group and can get some bonuses or promotion relative to their performance. But those in the group are not given any kind of bonuses. This is where the management will look at the various reasons why there is poor performance and may decide whether training needs to be undertaken or not. Some managers will give a warning if poor performance continues and others may even be harsher and fired. Jackson et al added: In this method, the appraiser distributes employees across several categories of performance following a set rule about the distribution of rating that are permitted. (Jackson et al, P. 335) Self-Appraisal Self-appraisal method is the form of performance appraisal technique where employees appraise their own performance. Before adopting this method, HR manager should make sure that their employees understand their objectives and the criteria used for evaluation. (Mondy, 2008, P.251). This method prone the fact that only the employee is able to know what he/she does well and what he/she is lacking and need to be improved. J. Beardwell and T. Claydon added: self-assessment is the only way to give a complete picture of the performance of the employees and to avoid a criticise-defend scenario (J. Beardwell T. Claydon, 2007, P.512). Furthermore, this method require the employee to have a good knowledge of the job requirement and role so that he/she will easily identify the gap between what he is doing and what he is require to do. METHODOLOGY In order to carry out the aim of this project, it is essential to build a very good research methodology. This will include the framework that will be used in order to answer the question. Knowing what the different types of performance appraisal are, research methodology will elaborate all the different methods that will be used to collect as much information as possible relating to the topic Research Methods The aim of the project is to find out what performance appraisal method should be undertaken by company to evaluate with effectiveness and accuracy their workforce, therefore qualitative and quantitative research will be useful to conduct the project efficiently. Quantitative research is mostly used when question beginning by how many are often used. Quantitative analysis deals with the numbers and uses mathematical operations to investigate the properties of data. (N. Walliman, 2006, P.113). As compared to qualitative research, quantitative researches develop technique that produce quantitative data and which can be classified easily. Qualitative research on the other hand is a method which leads to the collection of qualitative data which are data that cannot be quantified. Qualitative research usually answer question such as: what do think about? What is your opinion about one particular product? Qualitative research deals with feeling, attitudes, opinions and ideas. It is very difficult to analyse as people might change mind or opinion time to time. J. Creswell added by saying that: qualitative research begins with assumptions. A worldview, the possible use of a theoretical lens, and the study of research problem inquiring into the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. (J. Creswell, 2007, P.37) Data collection The data will be collected using many sources of data collection. Secondary data collection such as: books, magazine, articles and academic journals will be used to gather much information as far as performance appraisal is concerned. Although secondary data are often books and journals, it is important to note that this source also entails non-written materials such as: voice and video recordings, pictures, drawings, films and television programmes. (M. Saunders et al, 2007, P.248). Any kind of secondary materials on performance appraisal and human resource management related to the research question will be used for the project. Primary data collection such as: questionnaire, interviews and observation will be adopted to collect information. Those data are not available on books and are more reliable than secondary data. In order to collect primary data, questionnaire will be designed and given to one HR manager and two assistant at PEABODY. The questionnaire will carry some useful questions such as: are you conducting performance appraisal on your employees? What is the importance of doing it? Which performance appraisal method have you used or are you using at the moment? What are the reasons why that method was chosen? After appraising your employees do you give them feedback on their performance? What step or strategy do you adopt with poor performance and good performance employees? Interviews will also be done to some workers in order to have an overall picture of the topic. Data analysis Data will be analysed by looking at the findings from all those different sources of data collection. Primary data analysis will be compared to the literature review in order to know if what is written in the books is followed by organisations. Findings might be presented as graph, diagrams or charts. GANTT CHART Time Activities April May June July 15th 30th 15th 30th 15th 30th 15th Introduction Literature review Research Methodology Primary Data collection Data analysis Conclusion

In this essay, I intend to discuss the ways in which the poems Dulce :: English Literature

In this essay, I intend to discuss the ways in which the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Charge Of The Light Brigade represent war. I will discuss the themes of death, emotions, conditions and opinion. In Dulce Et, death is shown as horrific and that of terrible suffering. "His hanging face like a devil's sick of sin." This simile describes the way in which the poet Wilfred Owen saw the men suffering. He uses an effective method of a metaphor, 'Devil's sick of sin', and this metaphor shows just how horrible death is. When a devil is sick of sin, it is no longer a devil, this means that the man described is no longer a human. However, in the Charge, death is shown as quick and clean. This is shown in the quote "While horse and hero fell." Death is not described in the detail of Dulce Et, because the poet wants to show war as glorious and honourable, this could not be achieved if the poet talked about the horrible way in which the men die. The poet uses the word heroes because it shows the men as honourable and glorious, which is the intended message of the poem. In Dulce Et, death has no glory and the men have no sense of dignity. "The old lie: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." This quote shows that the statement 'that dying for ones own country' is a complete lie. Wilfred Owen does this to emphasise how horrible and undignified death really is. Owen wants to show that death has no glory and is undignified. The poet also uses Latin, because the reader will recognise the language used is old fashioned, this will then make the reader feel as though war is now old fashioned and pointless. He uses the contrast of two languages to show the difference of views in the two different time periods. In comparison, in the Charge, death is shown as honourable and glorious. "When can their glory fade?" This poem presents death as quick and without suffering, the poet says that the men who died for their country are glorious and should always be remembered. However, when both poems have been read, the reader sees war as even more futile because the men know that it is almost impossible to achieve victory against so many enemies, so they are in effect going in to the battle to die for no reason. However, the Charge's poet shows the men as honourable because they did not question the orders. Both poems show that death is not important. In Dulce Et, death is a

Poems “Nettles” and Praise song for my mother” Essay

Explore how the parent child relationship is presented in â€Å"nettles† and â€Å"praise song for my mother† and comment on the feeling expressed in both poems Introduction Both â€Å"nettles† and â€Å"praise song for my mother† focus on parent child relationships. â€Å"nettles† is a poem that tells a story about a little boy who falls into some nettles, and â€Å"praise song for my mother† is a poem that displays love and praise for someone’s mother. However both poems show the feelings of both the parents and the children. The poem â€Å"nettles† is a very strait forward poem and its main focus lays on one incident, which tells the story of a young boy who falls into a bed of nettles and his dad protects him. However â€Å"praise song for my mother† is completely different it’s more general than strait forward and each verse lists another reason why she loves her mother. Also â€Å"praise song for my mother† includes lots of metaphor’s and word play where as â€Å"nettles† just tells the story how it is. Both â€Å"Nettles† and â€Å"Praise song for my mother† include lots of imagery. â€Å"Nettles† incorporates a theme of war and military the nettles that hurt the poet’s son are referred to as â€Å"green spears† and â€Å"that regiment of spite† this is strange as although nettles can cause irritation and sharp pain, they are not forceful like weapons used in war. The father finds it unbearable that his son has been hurt. Therefore he has a need to protect him and to prevent it from occurring again. The war imagery also suggests that the poet had been in the war or experienced what war was like. And in â€Å"Praise song for my mother† there is a consistent use of metaphor’s many of which include nature â€Å"you were the moons eye to me† and â€Å"you were sunrise to me† are just two of many used. In â€Å"praise song for my mother† the structure is very well noticed, the first stanza starts off with two s yllables on the first line â€Å"you were† then go on to use four syllables â€Å"sunrise to me†, then generally it goes to six or seven â€Å"deep and bold and fathoming†. And the first three stanzas are very similar in ways of structure they all use the same number of syllables and look very similar in the way that they appear. However the final section marks a break in the chain as it changes the structure pattern, â€Å"praise song for my mother† is very ambiguous and depending on which way you interpret it this could mean the daughter is moving away from childhood into adulthood. However in â€Å"nettles† it is very simple it has an easy rhyme scheme of AbAb, â€Å"bed, shed†Ã‚  and â€Å"tears, spears†. And is also written in iambic pentameter witch is a collection of two syllables one stressed and on unstressed. The poem â€Å"nettles† has 16 lines which is very similar to sonnet form, a sonnet has 14 lines. The language in â€Å"praise song for my mother† is very different from â€Å"nettles†. In â€Å"nettles† it is very simple and easy to understand although it probably has ambiguous meanings you can read it and understand it because it is simply telling a story. But in â€Å"praise song for my mother â€Å"is a lot different the context is a lot harder to understand and has several ambiguous meanings so you can interpret it different ways. It also is confusing as it includes made up words such as â€Å"mateling† witch make you think poems give the readers can be different for everyone , but for me I like the idea in â€Å"nettles† of the father wanting to protect his son as this shows love to his son. I also like â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it has many hidden ambiguous meanings so you can interpret it many ways I also like â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it isn’t just simple and easy to understand it has hidden meanings and made up words so you have to take it apart and analysis it which requires a lot of thinking. I like the imagery in both â€Å"†praise song for my mother† and â€Å"nettles† as it gives you a clear image of what the poets are thinking when writing the poem. However I prefer â€Å"nettles† to â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it requires less thinking it is simple and understandable at first glance.

Decision Support Systems

A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program which is developed with a specific purpose of analyzing business data and presenting it to users to enable them make business decisions easily. It is different with other applications because of its ability to analyze business data and it is therefore an informational application.It can therefore be used in analyzing sales figures within a given period, projecting revenue collections within a specific period of time among others.A decision support system has the ability to present information in a graphical manner for ease of understanding and it can also incorporate an expert system or artificial intelligence.A mathematical model is a Mathematical representation of some kind of reality which is used to find more details about it. Mathematical model can be used to find a solution to a decision problem and assist in planning, it can also be used to find a relationship among the input variables and establish the meaning of a particu lar set of data (Silver, 1991). Mathematical model can take the form of dynamic systems, differential equations, statistical models etc.This is a case study of Decision Support System called ACRPLAN which Bayer Cooperation installed to assists it with financial planning and budgeting. Some of the problems that the company was encountering during budgeting planning are slow budgeting process, difficulties in obtaining financial data to use in budgeting.This was a problem because all the company’s data were stored in various computers and obtaining them in all the company’s department was quite difficult. There was also inefficient in communication methods between the different departments of the company.There was no single person who could understand the whole company’s data from all the departments and present it to the budgeting personnel to assist with budgeting purposes. The company was also faced with another problem of generating several budgets hence creat ing redundant data during budget generation. These most of the redundant data occupied the company’s resources and were never used.The management of the company was also faced with another problem of lack of sufficient data for decision making. The budgeting process was tedious and time consuming so the managers had to wait for all the company’s data to be gathered and the budget be drawn.The company was previously using excel worksheets which required manual input of data and this process increased the company’s budgeting costs since it had to hire data entry clerks to enter data to the excel worksheets. The excel worksheet was sophisticated and required a lot of training.The company was growing at a very high rate and this was creating problems to the budgeting team because they could not accommodate all the requirements of the extraordinary growth of the company. The other problem was integrating the company’s business processes and the planning proces s which were increasingly becoming complicated (Gachet, 2004).The volume of data that the company was generating was also high and analyzing this data for financial planning purposes was quite difficult. Most of the company’s personnel were doctors, sales people, and research scientist who had little knowledge of financial planning and budgeting.This created problems because the company’s financial data was quite complex and the company had to hire a financial expert to analyze the data and generate the company’s budget.

Economic Development of Hawaii essays

Economic Development of Hawaii essays Hawaii, with an area of 28,313 sq. km (10,932 sq. mi.), is the 43rd largest state in the U.S.; 6.9% of the land is owned by the federal government. It consists mainly of the Hawaiian Islands, eight main islands and 124 islets, reefs, and shoals. The major islands in order of size are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Nihau, and Kahoolawe. Population growth has increased by 80,000 persons over the past five years. Demographics show a large number of Hispanic origin: Asian Hispanics are the most populated with white Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic following. Hawaii's economy has been long dominated by plantation agriculture and military spending. As agriculture has declined in importance, the economy has diversified to encompass a large tourist business and a growing manufacturing Hawaii's economy has changed drastically since statehood. In 1958, defense, sugar, and pineapple were the primary economic activities, accounting for 40% of Gross State Product (GSP). In contrast, visitor-related expenditures stood at just over 4% of Hawaii's GSP prior to statehood. Today the positions are reversed; sugar and pineapple constitute about 1% of GSP, defense accounts for just under 11%, while visitor-related spending comes close to 24% of The movement toward a service- and trade-based economy becomes even more apparent when considering the distribution of Hawaii's jobs across sectors. The share of the economy's jobs accounted for by manufacturing and agriculture have declined steadily since 1959 and each currently makes up less than 4% of total jobs in the economy. At the same time, the shares of jobs in wholesale and retail trade and in services have risen, standing at about 23% and 28%, respectively. Since 1991, Hawaii's economy has suffered from rising rates of unemployment. This stands in marked contrast to...